{"id":6583,"date":"2020-06-22T09:13:54","date_gmt":"2020-06-21T21:13:54","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.frot.co.nz\/design\/?p=6583"},"modified":"2023-09-04T11:07:44","modified_gmt":"2023-09-03T23:07:44","slug":"taurine","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.frot.co.nz\/design\/wapf\/taurine\/","title":{"rendered":"TAURINE"},"content":{"rendered":"<h1 style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>TAURINE<\/strong><\/h1>\n<p class=\"tm\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Taurine is a free-form amino acid that participates\u00a0in a variety of metabolic processes. Its also a neurotransmitter, a neuromodulator and is involved in glucose uptake.It&#8217;s a component of bile acids, which are used to help absorb fats and fat-soluble vitamins. <\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"tm\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Taurine also helps regulate the heart beat, maintain cell membrane stability, and reduce brain cell over-activity.\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"tm\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>It is mainly found free in most tissues, especially throughout the nervous system. <\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"tm\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>It functions in tissues by stabilizing cell membranes, aiding the transport of potassium, sodium, calcium and magnesium in and out of cells. <\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"tm\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Taurine helps to generate and regulate nerve impulses and aids in the maintenance of fluid balance; it is also used by the body in visual pathways, as well as in the brain and nervous system, where it works together with glycine and GABA as a neurotransmitter.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-29208\" src=\"https:\/\/www.frot.co.nz\/design\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/taurineeeee1111-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"348\" height=\"348\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.frot.co.nz\/design\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/taurineeeee1111-1.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.frot.co.nz\/design\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/taurineeeee1111-1-500x500.jpg 500w, https:\/\/www.frot.co.nz\/design\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/taurineeeee1111-1-200x200.jpg 200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 348px) 100vw, 348px\" \/><\/p>\n<div id=\"page-wrapper\">\n<div id=\"container-fluid\">\n<div class=\"row-fluid\">\n<div class=\"span8 cont stack-tablet\">\n<section class=\"wp-cont\">\n<article id=\"post-11563\" class=\"post-11563 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-shabir-daya tag-liver-detox tag-taurine-capsules tag-taurine-supplements tag-tinnitus tag-weight-loss\">\n<header class=\"meta\">\n<div class=\"meta-in\">\n<hr \/>\n<h2 class=\"page-heading\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a class=\"post-title\" href=\"https:\/\/www.victoriahealth.com\/editorial\/the-multiple-benefits-of-taurine\">The Multiple Benefits of Taurine<\/a><\/strong><\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"entry\" style=\"text-align: center;\">\n<p><strong>Taurine is an amino acid that was once labelled as non-essential simply because it is manufactured by our bodies, therefore the need for it as a supplement was not necessary. Nothing could be further from the truth and today taurine is considered an essential amino acid that is vital for many of the processes carried out within our bodies.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Amino acids are compounds that are derived from a protein diet such as fish, chicken and meat. The body breaks protein down into numerous amino acids which are then utilised to rebuild our body proteins from hair right down to the feet. But there\u2019s more to amino acids then just rebuilding our structures. They are required for cell function, cell regeneration, for the formation of antibodies and hence for the immune system, for hormone production and for enzyme production. In effect they are equally important as vitamins and minerals are for the optimal function of the whole body.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Taurine\u2019s benefits are very widespread, but before we find out its benefits, it is important to know that a deficiency state of taurine is very likely in vegetarian and vegan diets, as well as in those suffering from cardiovascular concerns and diabetics, as well as poor functioning of the liver and kidneys. Additionally, our ageing bodies simply do not manufacture sufficient taurine making supplementation vital.<span id=\"more-11563\"><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>The benefits of Taurine<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Before I explain the benefits of taurine, I think it important to address the negative publicity associated with energy drinks and taurine. Taurine is included in numerous heavily advertised energy drinks and many people assume that \u00a0taurine is the causal factor of the side effects, whilst actually nothing could be further from the truth. These energy drinks often contain high amounts of caffeine, in many instances as high as 300mg in a serving, which is equivalent to 4-5 cups of strong coffee. Side effects of such high doses of caffeine include nervousness, jitters, seizures and a racing heart.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Taurine can provide numerous benefits and listed below are some of the protective properties of taurine.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Weight loss and obesity &#8211; the consequence of obesity impacts nearly every area of our bodies. Our abdominal fat stores are known to cause inflammation, which can lead to cardiovascular concerns. Taurine has the ability to significantly help lower lipid levels within the bloodstream and improves the body\u2019s ability to cope with excess glucose in the bloodstream. Lipid lowering may help to protect against cardiovascular concerns whilst glucose tolerance is significant because many obese people go on to develop diabetes.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Cardiovascular disease \u2013 the heart contains a high concentration of taurine and various studies indicate the benefits of supplementing taurine for a variety of heart concerns. In studies, taurine was found to increase the retention of potassium and magnesium in the heart muscle which are necessary for electrical stability and regular heart muscle contractions. Studies also suggest that patients with high blood pressure have lower than normal levels of taurine in the bloodstream. When taurine levels are lower than normal, a protein called \u2018angiotensin\u2019 is released that causes the elevation of blood pressure.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Cholesterol reduction \u2013 elevated cholesterol is a common feature of cardiovascular disease. Taurine is required for the production of a compound that causes more cholesterol to be excreted in bile. Taurine has also been shown to improve the ability to reduce low density lipoproteins (LDL) which is often referred to as \u2018bad cholesterol\u2019. In this way taurine may protect the body against the hardening of the arteries and cardiovascular disease.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Eye Protection \u2013 taurine is the most abundant amino acid in the retina and protects the eye from various toxins. Its levels also decline significantly with age. Age-related vision loss has many different causes, but high on the list of causal factors is oxidative stress on the light sensory cells in the retina. Taurine\u2019s ability to remove damaging molecules in the eye may implicate its ability to protect the retina.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Tinnitus \u2013 generally damage to hearing occurs to the nerve cells that convert sound waves into electrical energy, which the brain becomes aware of. Like nearly all nerve cells, the hair cells within the ear depend upon the flow of calcium into and out of them. Taurine helps to control the flow of calcium into and out of the hearing cells in the ear. These properties may help to prevent progressive hearing loss and may also be invaluable in the control of tinnitus.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Liver Protection \u2013 the liver is the body\u2019s master organ of detoxification filtering toxins and harmful chemicals from the bloodstream as they pass through. Studies indicate that taurine helps to protect the liver cells against oxidative damage thus ensuring that the liver cells efficiently remove harmful compounds. This is vital in both alcohol and non-alcohol fatty liver diseases both of which can lead to eventual liver failure.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Exercise \u2013 taurine helps muscles work harder, longer and safer. Taurine increases muscle contractility both within the heart and joints resulting in more powerful workouts. Taurine also helps to remove lactic acid build-up which means that you can carry on working out for longer than you would otherwise. Finally, taurine\u2019s ability to mop up compounds that cause oxidative stress thus protecting them from damage.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>With all these multiple benefits, it is no wonder that taurine is often called the longevity nutrient. The Japanese population has the highest longevity and this is thought to be due to the amount of taurine rich-foods consumed such as meat and especially seafood. Numerous studies indicate that the average omnivorous diet (meat and vegetables) provides approximately 58 mg per day. Studies indicate a daily dose of 1500 mg to 3000 mg per day may offer health benefits that are almost impossible to achieve from diet alone.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>As we age all our processes age with us including the manufacture of taurine from cysteine within our bodies. I am not advocating high doses of taurine such as those used in clinical studies, however I do feel that if any of the above concerns are applicable to you then it would be prudent to introduce <a href=\"http:\/\/www.victoriahealth.com\/product\/Taurine\/10576\/0\/\">Taurine<\/a> by Life Extension into your supplemental regimen even on a one-a-day dosage. Currently, there are no known side effects or drug interactions, however taurine is best avoided by pregnant women and nursing mothers.<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"disclaimer\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>This content is not intended to replace conventional medical treatment. Any suggestions made and all herbs listed are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease, condition or symptom. Personal directions and use should be provided by a clinical herbalist or other qualified healthcare practitioner.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><span class=\"byline author vcard\">by <span class=\"fn\"><a title=\"Posts by Shabir Daya\" href=\"https:\/\/www.victoriahealth.com\/editorial\/author\/shabir-daya\" rel=\"author\">Shabir Daya<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.victoriahealth.com\/editorial\/the-multiple-benefits-of-taurine\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.victoriahealth.com\/editorial\/the-multiple-benefits-of-taurine<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/article>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"hidden-phone hidden-tablet\">\n<aside class=\"span4 sidebar\">\n<div class=\"top-sidebar\">\n<div class=\"related-articles\">\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"author-sidebar\">\n<article class=\"content\">\n<div id=\"Emag_Header\" class=\"mag-article-top\">\n<div>\n<div style=\"text-align: center;\">\n<h2 id=\"Title\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>The Forgotten Longevity Benefits of Taurine<\/strong><\/h2>\n<h2 id=\"SubTitle\">\u00a0<strong><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"\" src=\"http:\/\/www.lifeextension.com\/magazine\/mag2013\/images\/jun2013_tflbot_01.jpg\" alt=\"The Forgotten Longevity Benefits of Taurine\" width=\"224\" height=\"269\" border=\"0\" \/> \u00a0<\/strong><\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"mag-article\">\n<div id=\"magazine_article\">\n<div class=\"wwwMagCellContent\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>The Japanese have a life expectancy that is among the highest in the world. In fact, Okinawa, Japan\u2019s famous \u201cIsland of Longevity,\u201d likely has the world\u2019s highest percentage of people over 100 years old.<sup>1<\/sup><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Undoubtedly, there are many factors that play into the life spans of the longest-living populations, but evidence shows that they all have one thing in common: high dietary intake of an amino acid called taurine.<sup>2<\/sup><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>The connection between taurine and a long life is so strong that researchers have dubbed taurine, <em>\u201cThe nutritional factor for the longevity of the Japanese.\u201d<\/em><sup>3<\/sup><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Taurine promotes cardiovascular health, insulin sensitivity, electrolyte balance, hearing function, and immune modulation. In animal research, taurine protected against heart failure, <em>reducing mortality by nearly <\/em>80%<em>.<\/em><sup>4<\/sup><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Its benefits are so broad and extensive that scientists have described taurine as \u201ca wonder molecule.\u201d<sup>5<\/sup><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Taurine is found abundantly in healthy bodies.<sup>6<\/sup> However, certain diets, particularly vegetarian or vegan diets, lack adequate amounts of taurine.<sup>7,8<\/sup> Disease states\u2014including liver, kidney, or heart failure, diabetes, and cancer\u2014can all cause a deficiency in taurine.<sup>9-11<\/sup> And <em>aging<\/em> bodies often cannot internally produce an optimal amount of taurine, making supplementation vital.<sup>12<\/sup><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>That\u2019s why those interested in longevity should consider this vital and super low-cost nutrient. In this article, you\u2019ll learn how boosting taurine levels can contribute to better cardiovascular, metabolic, and neurologic health.<\/strong><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Why We Need Supplemental Taurine<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>In the enthusiasm to investigate new longevity compounds, sometimes the importance of venerable ones that have been around for decades is forgotten. Such is the case of taurine. Foundation members used to get taurine as part of multi-nutrient formula, but this product is not as popular as it once was.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>A study released in November 2012 made the bold statement that taurine is one of the most essential substances in the body. The authors wrote:<sup>8<\/sup> <em>\u201cConsidering its broad distribution, its many cytoprotective attributes, and its functional significance in cell development, nutrition, and survival,<\/em><em> taurine is undoubtedly one of the most essential substances in the body<\/em><em>.\u201d<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Although it\u2019s possible for your body to produce taurine on its own, you still need to obtain taurine through diet and supplementation in order to achieve optimal amounts of this essential nutrient.<sup>8,11,13<\/sup><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Because of taurine\u2019s essential role in the body, supplementing with taurine can provide numerous health benefits, including restoring insulin sensitivity, mitigating diabetic complications, reversing cardiovascular disease factors, preventing and treating fatty liver disease, alleviating seizures, reversing tinnitus, and more.<\/strong><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Taurine Prevents Obesity<\/strong><\/h2>\n<div class=\"wwwMagCellImageContainer\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"\" src=\"http:\/\/www.lifeextension.com\/magazine\/mag2013\/images\/jun2013_tflbot_02.jpg\" alt=\"Taurine Prevents Obesity\" width=\"298\" height=\"248\" border=\"0\" \/> \u00a0<\/strong><\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>One of the ways taurine can help improve overall health is by fighting obesity. Obesity impacts every area of the body, especially because of the inflammation-generating abdominal fat stores. Human studies show that 3 grams per day of taurine for 7 weeks reduced body weight significantly in a group of overweight or obese (but not-yet-diabetic) adults.<sup>14 <\/sup>Subjects saw significant declines in their serum triglycerides and \u201catherogenic index,\u201d a ratio of multiple cholesterol components that predicts atherosclerosis risk.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Various animal studies support the anti-obesity and lipid-lowering capabilities of taurine, both alone and combined with other natural products.<sup>15,16 <\/sup>These studies highlight taurine\u2019s ability to improve glucose tolerance in obese animals, an important benefit given how many overweight people go on to develop diabetes.<sup>17,18<\/sup><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Perhaps most alarming, animal research reveals that obesity itself causes a <em>decline <\/em>in plasma taurine levels, which, in a vicious cycle, further promotes obesity.<sup>19<\/sup> The observed decline in taurine levels was seen in mouse models of both genetic obesity and diet-induced obesity. Fortunately, in the same study, taurine supplementation interrupted the cycle, helping to prevent obesity and its consequences.<sup>19<\/sup><\/strong><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Taurine Promotes Glucose Control\u2014and Treats Diabetes<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>It is a known fact that taurine concentrations are lower among diabetics than they are in healthy individuals.<sup>20<\/sup> Given the above information about low taurine levels promoting obesity, it is clear that the low levels of taurine only serve to promote the interdependence of diabetes and obesity.<sup>20<\/sup> Fortunately, human studies have shown that supplementing with just 1.5 grams of taurine a day can restore taurine levels to those in healthy control subjects, and additional animal research has shown that taurine supplementation can help prevent the onset of<em> type II diabetes<\/em>.<sup>20,21<\/sup><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Normal taurine concentrations are essential in controlling diabetes and the impact of its consequences. Animal studies have found that having adequate taurine concentrations helps control diabetes by reducing blood glucose and restoring insulin sensitivity.<sup>22<\/sup> But it doesn\u2019t stop there. Taurine helps prevent\u2014<em>and even reverse<\/em>\u2014many of the consequences associated with the disease.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>For example, in adult diabetics, supplementation with 1.5 grams of taurine daily for just 14 days can <em>reverse<\/em> diabetes-induced abnormalities in arterial stiffness and in the ability of the vasculature to respond to changes in blood flow or pressure.<sup>23<\/sup> This can be critical to the longevity of diabetics, since these types of abnormalities are to blame for diabetics\u2019 increased risk of dying from cardiovascular disease. In addition, studies in diabetic rats show that taurine helps protect heart function and helps prevent heart muscle damage, due in part to the ability of taurine to increase glucose transport from blood into energy-hungry heart muscle cells.<sup>24,25<\/sup> In the process of increasing glucose transport into energy producing cells, blood glucose levels are lowered.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Additional animal and cell culture studies have revealed that taurine supplementation is effective against diabetic complications as well. Taurine supports nerve fiber integrity, potentially slowing or reversing painful diabetic neuropathy.<sup>26-29<\/sup> And in the retina, another target of destructive elevated blood glucose, taurine fights glucose-induced oxidant stress and preserves the health of light-sensing cells in diabetic retinopathy.<sup>30-32<\/sup> Kidney damage, another consequence of diabetes, can be minimized with taurine supplementation in diabetic animals.<sup>33<\/sup><\/strong><\/p>\n<div class=\"wwwMagTableSideBar\" style=\"text-align: center;\">\n<h6><strong>What You Need to Know<\/strong><\/h6>\n<div>\n<div class=\"wwwMagCellImageContainer\"><strong><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"\" src=\"http:\/\/www.lifeextension.com\/magazine\/mag2013\/images\/jun2013_tflbot_03.jpg\" alt=\"Taurine: Bountiful Benefits\" width=\"296\" height=\"247\" border=\"0\" \/> \u00a0<\/strong><\/div>\n<h2><strong>Taurine: Bountiful Benefits<\/strong><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Taurine is the most abundant amino acid you\u2019ve never heard of; it is found throughout the body, but especially in tissues containing excitable cells, like nerves and heart muscle.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Strong epidemiological evidence suggests that certain groups with the longest life spans consume higher amounts of taurine than those of us in the rest of the world.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Taurine supplementation can prevent diabetes and obesity in animal models, and can mitigate the effects of both conditions in humans.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Taurine supplementation strengthens heart muscle cells, extends their life spans, and protects them from damage, while reducing many of the factors that produce atherosclerosis and its deadly consequences.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Taurine protects retinal and inner ear cells from damage, normalizing the flow of calcium ions they require for proper function.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Evidence is growing for taurine\u2019s role in preventing epileptic seizures and liver disease, two conditions that can be attributed to toxic effects on delicate tissue.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>If you are interested in a longer, healthier, and more active life, consider supplementing with taurine.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Taurine Reverses Cardiovascular Disease Factors<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Taurine has powerful effects on the heart and blood vessels. People with higher levels of taurine have significantly lower rates of dying from coronary heart disease.<sup>1,34<\/sup> Additionally, they have lower body mass index, lower blood pressure, and lower levels of dangerous lipids. Many different mechanisms account for these powerful effects on the heart and blood vessels.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>In animal models of hypertension, taurine supplementation lowers blood pressure by reducing the resistance to blood flow in the blood vessel walls and by minimizing nerve impulses in the brain that drive blood pressure up.<sup>35,36<\/sup> Oral taurine supplementation has been found to reduce the arterial thickening and stiffness characteristic of atherosclerosis, to restore arteries\u2019 responses to beneficial endothelial nitric oxide, and to reduce inflammation (a direct contributor to cardiovascular disease).<sup>34,35<\/sup><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>A study of patients needing coronary bypass surgery showed that consuming a liquid drink containing 3 grams of taurine, combined with 3 grams carnitine, 150 mg CoQ10, and basic multivitamin nutrients, reduced left-sided ventricular volume during the heart\u2019s resting phase (diastole).<sup>37<\/sup> This is important since an increased left-ventricular diastolic volume is the single greatest predictor of death in patients requiring bypass or stent placements. This makes taurine a vital component of such patients\u2019 diets.<\/strong><\/p>\n<div class=\"wwwMagTableSideBar\" style=\"text-align: center;\">\n<h2><strong>Enhance Your Exercise Performance<\/strong><\/h2>\n<div>\n<div class=\"wwwMagCellImageContainer\"><strong><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"\" src=\"http:\/\/www.lifeextension.com\/magazine\/mag2013\/images\/jun2013_tflbot_04.jpg\" alt=\"Enhance Your Exercise Performance\" width=\"222\" height=\"266\" border=\"0\" \/> \u00a0<\/strong><\/div>\n<p><strong>Want a better workout? Try taking taurine supplements! Trained athletes who supplement with taurine experience better exercise performance, and cyclists ride longer distances with less fatigue.<sup>38,39<\/sup><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>There\u2019s good reason for these positive effects: Taurine helps muscles work harder, longer, and safer.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Harder. Taurine increases muscle contractility (the force with which muscle cells pull together) in both skeletal and cardiac muscle.<sup>40,41<\/sup> That means more powerful workouts as muscle works harder.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Longer. Taurine helps exercising muscle rid itself of lactic acid.<sup>42,43<\/sup> Lactic acid is what causes the feelings of pain and soreness and is what limits how much a muscle can continue to work. By cleaning up lactic acid, taurine helps muscles work longer.<sup>38,43<\/sup><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Safer. Working muscles generate oxidant stress and damage DNA, leading to the potential for muscle damage and poorer performance. Taurine protects muscles from such damage, so muscle works more safely.<sup>38,44<\/sup><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Taurine Provides Potent Retina Protection<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Taurine is especially vital when it comes to eye health. Adequate levels can help prevent age-related vision loss; conversely, a deficiency can lead to troubling vision problems. Age-related vision loss has many different causes, but near the top is the impact of oxidative stress on light-sensing cells in the retina. Such damage leads to age-related macular degeneration and other forms of retinal disease.<sup>45<\/sup><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>While taurine is found in very high concentrations in the retina, it declines significantly with age.<sup>46-48<\/sup> Additionally, the taurine found in the retina fights oxidative stress, especially in diabetes, and helps restore deficient levels of nerve growth factor, required for maintaining retinal health.<sup>46,30,31<\/sup><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>When taurine levels are deficient, a variety of vision problems can occur including retinal ganglion cell degeneration,<sup>49<\/sup> and in children, retinal dysfunction;<sup>7<\/sup> taurine supplementation has been shown to ameliorate diabetic retinopathy.<sup>30<\/sup> Evidence is strong that taurine is vital in maintaining optimal retinal function.<sup>50<\/sup><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Certain drugs deplete the body of taurine, which can induce retinal damage.<sup>48,49,51<\/sup> These include frequently used chemotherapy drugs such as cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan<sup>\u00ae<\/sup>) and busultan (Bulsufex<sup>\u00ae<\/sup>) as well as the anti-epileptic drug vigabatrin (Sabril<sup>\u00ae<\/sup>). Radiation therapy has also been shown to deplete the body of taurine.<sup>51<\/sup> Fortunately, supplementation can restore taurine levels to normal and protect the retina in such cases.<sup>32,46,47,52<\/sup><\/strong><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Taurine Helps Reverse Tinnitus<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Taurine plays a vital role in hearing. In fact, studies have found that in some cases, taurine can <em>reverse<\/em> the biochemical processes behind hearing loss.<sup>53,54 <\/sup>Other studies have demonstrated that taurine can almost completely eliminate the ringing in the ears associated with tinnitus.<sup>55<\/sup><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Much of the damage to hearing occurs not in the mechanical parts of the ear, but rather in the nerve cells that convert sound waves into the electrical energy that is perceived in our brains. Like other nerve cells, these so-called \u201chair cells\u201d depend on the flow of calcium ions into and out of the cell. Taurine helps restore and control normal calcium ion flow in auditory cells.<sup>53,56<\/sup><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Taurine improves the hearing ability in animals exposed to drugs like the antibiotic gentamicin, which is notoriously toxic to hearing.<sup>54<\/sup> And in a boon for the 17% of us troubled by chronic tinnitus (ringing in the ears), taurine may be helpful in quieting the noise.<sup>57<\/sup> Animal studies using human equivalent doses of 700 mg to 3.2 grams per day of taurine over the course of several weeks demonstrate near-complete resolution of tinnitus with taurine supplementation (the animals had been trained in tasks that are sensitive to distraction by tinnitus).<sup>55<\/sup> And a human pilot study has shown encouraging results, with 12% of people responding to taurine supplementation.<sup>58<\/sup><\/strong><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Solution for Seizures<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>While there are many types and many causes of epilepsy (seizures), a disruption in the function of excitable brain tissue underlies all of them. One of taurine\u2019s major roles in mammalian biology is the regulation of such excitable tissues, making taurine of natural interest to scientists and clinicians who study epilepsy.<sup>59<\/sup><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Animal studies reveal that taurine <em>depletion<\/em> makes seizures more likely, while <em>supplementation<\/em> with taurine is capable of preventing seizures induced by a number of drugs and chemical toxins.<sup>59-61<\/sup> Taurine appears to work by increasing the levels of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), the enzyme responsible for the production of the neurotransmitter GABA, as well as by binding to so-called GABA receptors in brain cells, calming them and reducing their likelihood of participating in the random, uncoordinated electrical firing that produces an epileptic seizure.<sup>59,61<\/sup><\/strong><\/p>\n<div class=\"wwwMagTableSideBar\" style=\"text-align: center;\">\n<h2><strong>Taurine and Energy Drinks<\/strong><\/h2>\n<div>\n<div class=\"wwwMagCellImageContainer\"><strong><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"\" src=\"http:\/\/www.lifeextension.com\/magazine\/mag2013\/images\/jun2013_tflbot_05.jpg\" alt=\"Taurine and Energy Drinks\" width=\"218\" height=\"262\" border=\"0\" \/>\u00a0<\/strong><\/div>\n<p><strong>Energy drinks such as Red Bull, Monster, and others have been getting a lot of press recently, most of it unfavorable. There\u2019s concern that the drink\u2019s biggest consumers, adolescents and young adults, are at risk for sudden death and seizures following high consumption.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Because taurine is a major ingredient in these drinks, some readers may be concerned that taurine might be contributing to these ill effects.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>The good news (for taurine) is that there\u2019s no evidence at all for taurine\u2019s involvement in any adverse outcome of consuming energy drinks. It has been well-established that the high caffeine content in energy drinks (ranging from 80 milligrams, the amount in a strong cup of coffee, to 300 milligrams per serving) is to blame for the health problems associated with the drink. Side effects of energy drinks are the same as those of caffeine intoxication, and include nervousness, jitteriness, seizures, cardiac arrhythmias, and (rarely) death.<sup>66 <\/sup><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>It\u2019s probably best to avoid energy drinks entirely and instead focus on getting your energy from safe, natural sources. Taurine alone offers many of the advantages attributed to energy drinks, such as improved exercise performance.<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Taurine Prevents and Treats Liver Disease<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Increasing evidence suggests that taurine may help treat the most common cause of liver disease in the US, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (or NAFLD). Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease occurs when too much fat accumulates in the liver, and it can be caused by insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome. Over time, the end result is the loss of liver function, leading to <em>liver cirrhosis<\/em>.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>The human liver is our master detoxifying organ, screening our blood flow many times over each day for substances that can damage our bodies. Taurine is an integral part of the liver\u2019s self-protective mechanisms.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Studies show that taurine defends liver cells against free radicals and toxins, helping to reduce the severity of oxidative stress-induced liver injury.<sup>62<\/sup> This is vitally important in alcoholic and <em>non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases<\/em>, both of which can progress to cirrhosis and liver failure.<sup>63,64<\/sup><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Human studies reveal the impact of taurine on liver disease. When 24 patients with chronic hepatitis took 2 grams of taurine 3 times daily for 3 months, serum markers of liver damage, as well as markers of oxidative stress, decreased significantly, as did their elevated levels of cholesterol and triglycerides.<sup>65<\/sup><\/strong><\/p>\n<div class=\"wwwMagTableSideBar\" style=\"text-align: center;\">\n<h2><strong>Dietary Sources of Taurine<\/strong><\/h2>\n<div>\n<div class=\"wwwMagCellImageContainer\"><strong><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"\" src=\"http:\/\/www.lifeextension.com\/magazine\/mag2013\/images\/jun2013_tflbot_06.jpg\" alt=\"Dietary Sources of Taurine\" width=\"259\" height=\"216\" border=\"0\" \/>\u00a0<\/strong><\/div>\n<p><strong>Taurine occurs naturally in food, especially in seafood and meat.<sup>76<\/sup> The amount consumed in most societies, however, is quite low. The mean daily intake from omnivore diets was determined to be around 58 mg (range of 9 to 372 mg).<sup>77<\/sup> In another study, taurine intake was estimated to be generally less than 200 mg a day, even in individuals eating a high-meat diet.<sup>78<\/sup> According to another study, taurine consumption was estimated to vary between 40 and 400 mg a day.<sup>77<\/sup><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Successful clinical studies with taurine have used daily doses of 1,500 to 3,000 mg.<sup>14,20,23,37,65<\/sup> It is challenging to obtain this amount of taurine from traditional dietary sources.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Taurine is made by the body from the metabolism of the amino acid cysteine.<sup>9,10<\/sup> Aging can reduce the amount of taurine made from cysteine, thus making taurine supplementation desirable in maturing individuals.<sup>12,51,79<\/sup><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Taurine is not abundant in most plant foods.<sup>7<\/sup> On average, non-vegetarians typically eat around 43-76 mg of taurine per day.<sup>77<\/sup> Vegans have been shown to have lower blood levels of taurine.<sup>80<\/sup><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Summary<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Taurine is the most abundant amino acid you\u2019ve never heard of. Strong evidence suggests that groups with the longest life spans consume higher amounts of taurine than those of us in the rest of the world. High intakes of taurine could be the underlying factor in the world\u2019s longest-living populations\u2014and for good reason.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Taurine supplementation can mitigate the damaging effects of fat, glucose, and excess insulin. Taurine strengthens and protects heart muscle cells and the system of blood vessels that supplies blood throughout the body, helping to protect against atherosclerosis, heart attacks, and strokes.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>And taurine protects vision and hearing. It can prevent and alleviate seizures, and it has been shown to treat the most common cause of liver disease in the United States.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>With epidemiological evidence that it contributes to the longevity of famously long-lived groups, taurine belongs on the short-list of supplements necessary for maintaining optimal health in the face of aging.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>If you have any questions on the scientific content of this article, please call a Life Extension\u00ae Health Advisor at 1-866-864-3027.<\/strong><\/p>\n<div class=\"wwwMagTableSideBar\" style=\"text-align: center;\">\n<h6><strong>Taurine: One of the Most Essential Substances in the Body!<\/strong><\/h6>\n<div>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>It increases the action of insulin, improving glucose tolerance, and acting as an antioxidant.<sup>67<\/sup><\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>It is vital for the proper function of the minerals potassium, calcium, magnesium, and sodium.<sup>68<\/sup><\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Taurine regulates heart rhythm, cardiac contraction, blood pressure, and platelet aggregation,<sup>69,70<\/sup> and regulates the excitability of neurons.<sup>69<\/sup><\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>It detoxifies liver cells of various toxins.<sup>71-74<\/sup><\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>It helps form bile acids and maintains cell membrane stability.<sup>9<\/sup><\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>It reduces the synthesis of lipids and cholesterol that are associated with atherosclerosis.<sup>75<\/sup><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.lifeextension.com\/Magazine\/2013\/6\/The-Forgotten-Longevity-Benefits-of-Taurine\/Page-01\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>By Ian Macleavy<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>References<\/strong><\/h2>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Available at: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.okicent.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">http:\/\/www.okicent.org<\/a>. Accessed February 28, 2013<\/strong><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Yamori Y. Food factors for atherosclerosis prevention: Asian perspective derived from analyses of worldwide dietary biomarkers. <em>Exp<\/em><em> Clin Cardiol.<\/em>2006 Summer;11(2):94-8.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Yamori Y, Liu L, Mori M, et al. Taurine as the nutritional factor for the longevity of the Japanese revealed by a world-wide epidemiological survey. <em>Adv<\/em><em> Exp Med Biol. <\/em>2009;643:13-25.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Azuma J, Takihara K, Awata N, et al. Beneficial effect of taurine on congestive heart failure induced by chronic aortic regurgitation in rabbits. <em>Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol<\/em>. 45(2):261-70.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Yamori Y, Taguchi T, Hamada A, Kunimasa K, Mori H, Mori M. Taurine in health and diseases: consistent evidence from experimental and epidemiological studies. <em>J Biomed Sci. <\/em>2010;17 Suppl 1:S6.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Wu JY, Prentice H. Role of taurine in the central nervous system. <em>J Biomed Sci. <\/em>2010 Aug 24;17 Suppl 1:S1.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Kendler BS. Taurine: an overview of its role in preventive medicine. <em>Prev<\/em><em> Med. <\/em>1989 Jan;18(1):79-100.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Ripps H, Shen W. Review: Taurine: A \u201cvery essential\u201d amino acid. <em>Mol<\/em><em> Vis<\/em>. 2012;18:2673-86. Epub Nov 12, 2012.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Birdsall TC. Therapeutic applications of taurine. <em>Altern<\/em><em> Med Rev<\/em>. 1998 Apr;3(2):128-36.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Stapleton PP, O\u2019Flaherty L, Redmond HP, Bouchier-Hayes DJ. Host defense\u2014a role for the amino acid taurine? <em>J Parenter Enteral Nutr<\/em>. 1998 Jan-Feb;22(1):42-8.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Louren\u00e7o R, Camilo ME. Taurine: a conditionally essential amino acid in humans? An overview in health and disease. <em>Nutr<\/em><em> Hosp<\/em>. 2002 Nov-Dec;17(6):262-70.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Ca\u00f1as PE, Valenzuela A. Biological and nutritional role of taurine and its derivatives on cellular and organic physiology. <em>Arch Latinoam Nutr<\/em>. 1991 Jun;41(2):139-51.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Szyma\u0144ski K, Winiarska K. Taurine and its potential therapeutic application. <em>Postepy<\/em><em> Hig Med Dosw<\/em> (Online). 2008 Feb 25;62:75-86.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Zhang M, Bi LF, Fang JH, et al. Beneficial effects of taurine on serum lipids in overweight or obese non-diabetic subjects. <em>Amino Acids.<\/em>2004 Jun;26(3):267-71.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Du H, You JS, Zhao X, Park JY, Kim SH, Chang KJ. Antiobesity and hypolipidemic effects of lotus leaf hot water extract with taurine supplementation in rats fed a high fat diet. <em>J Biomed Sci. <\/em>2010;17 Suppl 1:S42.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Nardelli TR, Ribeiro RA, Balbo SL, et al. Taurine prevents fat deposition and ameliorates plasma lipid profile in monosodium glutamate-obese rats. <em>Amino Acids.<\/em>2011 Oct;41(4):901-8.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Batista TM, Ribeiro RA, da Silva PM, et al. Taurine supplementation improves liver glucose control in normal protein and malnourished mice fed a high-fat diet. <em>Mol<\/em><em> Nutr Food Res. <\/em>2012 Dec 26.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Ribeiro RA, Santos-Silva JC, Vettorazzi JF, et al. Taurine supplementation prevents morpho-physiological alterations in high-fat diet mice pancreatic beta-cells. <em>Amino Acids.<\/em>2012 Oct;43(4):1791-801.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Tsuboyama-Kasaoka N, Shozawa C, Sano K, et al. Taurine (2-aminoethanesulfonic acid) deficiency creates a vicious circle promoting obesity. <em>Endocrinology.<\/em>2006 Jul;147(7):3276-84.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Franconi F, Bennardini F, Mattana A, et al. Plasma and platelet taurine are reduced in subjects with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: effects of taurine supplementation. <em>Am J Clin Nutr.<\/em>1995 May;61(5):1115-9.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Franconi F, Loizzo A, Ghirlanda G, Seghieri G. Taurine supplementation and diabetes mellitus. <em>Curr<\/em><em> Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care.<\/em>2006 Jan;9(1):32-6.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Kim KS, Oh da H, Kim JY, et al. Taurine ameliorates hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia by reducing insulin resistance and leptin level in Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima fatty (OLETF) rats with long-term diabetes. <em>Exp<\/em><em> Mol Med. <\/em>2012 Nov 30;44(11):665-73.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Moloney MA, Casey RG, O\u2019Donnell DH, Fitzgerald P, Thompson C, Bouchier-Hayes DJ. Two weeks taurine supplementation reverses endothelial dysfunction in young male type 1 diabetics. <em>Diab<\/em><em> Vasc Dis Res. <\/em>2010 Oct;7(4):300-10.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Tappia PS, Thliveris J, Xu YJ, Aroutiounova N, Dhalla NS. Effects of amino acid supplementation on myocardial cell damage and cardiac function in diabetes. <em>Exp<\/em><em> Clin Cardiol.<\/em>2011 Fall;16(3):e17-22.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Das J, Vasan V, Sil PC. Taurine exerts hypoglycemic effect in alloxan-induced diabetic rats, improves insulin-mediated glucose transport signaling pathway in heart and ameliorates cardiac oxidative stress and apoptosis. <em>Toxicol<\/em><em> Appl Pharmacol. <\/em>2012 Jan 15;258(2):296-308.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Li F, Abatan OI, Kim H, et al. Taurine reverses neurological and neurovascular deficits in Zucker diabetic fatty rats. <em>Neurobiol<\/em><em> Dis<\/em>. 2006 Jun;22(3):669-76.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Askwith T, Zeng W, Eggo MC, Stevens MJ. Oxidative stress and dysregulation of the taurine transporter in high-glucose-exposed human Schwann cells: implications for pathogenesis of diabetic neuropathy. <em>Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab.<\/em>2009 Sep;297(3):E620-8.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Askwith T, Zeng W, Eggo MC, Stevens MJ. Taurine reduces nitrosative stress and nitric oxide synthase expression in high glucose-exposed human Schwann cells. <em>Exp<\/em><em> Neurol. <\/em>2012 Jan;233(1):154-62.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Obrosova IG, Fathallah L, Stevens MJ. Taurine counteracts oxidative stress and nerve growth factor deficit in early experimental diabetic neuropathy. <em>Exp<\/em><em> Neurol. <\/em>2001 Nov;172(1):211-9.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Yu X, Xu Z, Mi M, et al. Dietary taurine supplementation ameliorates diabetic retinopathy via anti-excitotoxicity of glutamate in streptozotocin-induced Sprague-Dawley rats. <em>Neurochem<\/em><em> Res. <\/em>2008 Mar;33(3):500-7.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Zeng K, Xu H, Mi M, et al. Dietary taurine supplementation prevents glial alterations in retina of diabetic rats. <em>Neurochem<\/em><em> Res. <\/em>2009 Feb;34(2):244-54.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Zeng K, Xu H, Mi M, et al. Effects of taurine on glial cells apoptosis and taurine transporter expression in retina under diabetic conditions. <em>Neurochem<\/em><em> Res. <\/em>2010 Oct;35(10):1566-74.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Das J, Sil PC. Taurine ameliorates alloxan-induced diabetic renal injury, oxidative stress-related signaling pathways and apoptosis in rats. <em>Amino Acids.<\/em>2012 Oct;43(4):1509-23.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Murakami S. Taurine and atherosclerosis. <em>Amino Acids.<\/em>2012 Dec 8.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Abebe W, Mozaffari MS. Role of taurine in the vasculature: an overview of experimental and human studies. <em>Am J Cardiovasc Dis. <\/em>2011;1(3):293-311.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Rahman MM, Park HM, Kim SJ, et al. Taurine prevents hypertension and increases exercise capacity in rats with fructose-induced hypertension. <em>Am J Hypertens.<\/em>2011 May;24(5):574-81.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Jeejeebhoy F, Keith M, Freeman M, et al. Nutritional supplementation with MyoVive repletes essential cardiac myocyte nutrients and reduces left ventricular size in patients with left ventricular dysfunction. <em>Am Heart J. <\/em>2002 Jun;143(6):1092-100.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Zhang M, Izumi I, Kagamimori S, et al. Role of taurine supplementation to prevent exercise-induced oxidative stress in healthy young men. <em>Amino Acids.<\/em>2004 Mar;26(2):203-7.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Balshaw TG, Bampouras TM, Barry TJ, Sparks SA. The effect of acute taurine ingestion on 3-km running performance in trained middle-distance runners. <em>Amino Acids.<\/em>2013 Feb;44(2):555-61.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Goodman CA, Horvath D, Stathis C, et al. Taurine supplementation increases skeletal muscle force production and protects muscle function during and after high-frequency in vitro stimulation.<em>J Appl Physiol.<\/em> 2009 Jul;107(1):144-54.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Molaparast-Saless F, Nellis SH, Liedkte AJ. The effects of propionylcarnitine taurine on cardiac performance in aerobic and ischemic myocardium. <em>J Mol Cell Cardiol.<\/em> 1988 Jan;20(1):63-74.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Manabe S, Kurroda I, Okada K, et al. Decreased blood levels of lactic acid and urinary excretion of 3-methylhistidine after exercise by chronic taurine treatment in rats. <em>J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). <\/em>2003 Dec;49(6):375-80.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Imagawa TF, Hirano I, Utsuki K, et al. Caffeine and taurine enhance endurance performance. <em>Int<\/em><em> J Sports Med. <\/em>2009 Jul;30(7):485-8.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Dawson R, Jr., Biasetti M, Messina S, Dominy J. The cytoprotective role of taurine in exercise-induced muscle injury. <em>Amino Acids.<\/em>2002 Jun;22(4):309-24.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Drobek-S\u0142owik M, Karczewicz D, Safranow K. The potential role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of the age-related macular degeneration (AMD).<em>Postepy<\/em><em> Hig Med Dosw (Online).<\/em> 2007;61:28-37.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Militante JD, Lombardini JB. Taurine: evidence of physiological function in the retina. <em>Nutr<\/em><em> Neurosci. <\/em>2002 Apr;5(2):75-90.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Militante J, Lombardini JB. Age-related retinal degeneration in animal models of aging: possible involvement of taurine deficiency and oxidative stress. <em>Neurochem<\/em><em> Res. <\/em>2004 Jan;29(1):151-60.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Jammoul F, Degardin J, Pain D, et al. Taurine deficiency damages photoreceptors and retinal ganglion cells in vigabatrin-treated neonatal rats. <em>Mol<\/em><em> Cell Neurosci.<\/em>2010 Apr;43(4):414-21.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Froger N, Cadetti L, Lorach H, et al. Taurine provides neuroprotection against retinal ganglion cell degeneration. <em>PLoS<\/em><em> One.<\/em>2012;7(10):e42017.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Chesney RW. Taurine: its biological role and clinical implications. <em>Adv<\/em><em> Pediatr<\/em>. 1985;32:1-42.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Desai TK, Maliakkal J, Kinzie JL, Ehrinpreis MN, Luk GD, Cejka J. Taurine deficiency after intensive chemotherapy and\/or radiation. Am J Clin Nutr. 1992 Mar;55(3):708-11.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Yu X, Chen K, Wei N, Zhang Q, Liu J, Mi M. Dietary taurine reduces retinal damage produced by photochemical stress via antioxidant and anti-apoptotic mechanisms in Sprague-Dawley rats. <em>Br J Nutr.<\/em>2007 Oct;98(4):711-9.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Liu HY, Gao WY, Wen W, Zhang YM. Taurine modulates calcium influx through L-type voltage-gated calcium channels in isolated cochlear outer hair cells in guinea pigs. <em>Neurosci<\/em><em> Lett. <\/em>2006 May 15;399(1-2):23-6.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Liu HY, Chi FL, Gao WY. Taurine attenuates aminoglycoside ototoxicity by inhibiting inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in the cochlea. <em>Neuroreport<\/em><em>.<\/em>2008 Jan 8;19(1):117-20.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Brozoski TJ, Caspary DM, Bauer CA, Richardson BD. The effect of supplemental dietary taurine on tinnitus and auditory discrimination in an animal model. <em>Hear Res. <\/em>2010 Dec 1;270(1-2):71-80.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Liu HY, Chi FL, Gao WY. Taurine modulates calcium influx under normal and ototoxic conditions in isolated cochlear spiral ganglion neurons. <em>Pharmacol<\/em><em> Rep. <\/em>2008 Jul-Aug;60(4):508-13.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Galazyuk AV, Wenstrup JJ, Hamid MA. Tinnitus and underlying brain mechanisms. <em>Curr<\/em><em> Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg.<\/em> 2012 Oct;20(5):409-15.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Davies E, Donaldson I. Tinnitus, membrane stabilizers and taurine. <em>Practitioner.<\/em>1988 Oct 22;232(1456 ( Pt 2)):1139.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>L\u2019Amoreaux WJ, Marsillo A, El Idrissi A. Pharmacological characterization of GABAA receptors in taurine-fed mice. <em>J Biomed Sci. <\/em>2010;17 Suppl 1:S14.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Jin HB, Li B, Gu J, Cheng JS, Yang R. Electro-acupuncture improves epileptic seizures induced by kainic acid in taurine-depletion rats. <em>Acupunct<\/em><em> Electrother Res. <\/em>2005;30(3-4):207-17.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>El Idrissi A, L\u2019Amoreaux WJ. Selective resistance of taurine-fed mice to isoniazide-potentiated seizures: in vivo functional test for the activity of glutamic acid decarboxylase. <em>Neuroscience.<\/em>2008 Oct 15;156(3):693-9.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Miyazaki T, Bouscarel B, Ikegami T, Honda A, Matsuzaki Y. The protective effect of taurine against hepatic damage in a model of liver disease and hepatic stellate cells. <em>Adv<\/em><em> Exp Med Biol. <\/em>2009;643:293-303.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Gentile CL, Nivala AM, Gonzales JC, et al. Experimental evidence for therapeutic potential of taurine in the treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. <em>Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. <\/em>2011 Dec;301(6):R1710-22.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Chen X, Sebastian BM, Tang H, et al. Taurine supplementation prevents ethanol-induced decrease in serum adiponectin and reduces hepatic steatosis in rats. <em>Hepatology<\/em><em>.<\/em>2009 May;49(5):1554-62.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Hu YH, Lin CL, Huang YW, Liu PE, Hwang DF. Dietary amino acid taurine ameliorates liver injury in chronic hepatitis patients. <em>Amino Acids.<\/em>2008 Aug;35(2):469-73.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Wolk BJ, Ganetsky M, Babu KM. Toxicity of energy drinks. <em>Curr<\/em><em> Opin Pediatr.<\/em> 2012 Apr;24(2):243-51.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Nandhini AT. Anuradha CV. Taurine modulates kallikrein activity and glucose metabolism in insulin resistant rats. <em>Amino Acids<\/em>. 2002;22(1):27-38.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Zhao L, Lou JS, Kang Y. Taurine-magnesium coordination compound attenuates hypoxia\/reoxygenation induced Ion channel dysfunction in rat ventricular myocytes. <em>Drug Res (Stuttg)<\/em>. 2013 Mar 13. [Epub ahead of print]<\/strong><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Schaffer S, Takahashi K, Azuma J. Role of osmoregulation in the actions of taurine. <em>Amino Acids<\/em>. 2000;19(3-4):527-46.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Fujita T, Ando K, Noda H, et al. Effects of increased adrenomedullary activity and taurine in young patients with borderline hypertension. <em>Circulation <\/em>1987;75:525-32.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Timbrell JA, Seabra V, Waterfield CJ. The in vivo and in vitro protective properties of taurine. <em>Gen Pharmac <\/em>1995;26:453-62.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Hwang DF, Wang LC. Effect of taurine on toxicity of cadmium in rats. <em>Toxicology<\/em>. Oct 2001;167(3):173-80.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Waters E, Wang JH, Redmond HP, et al. Role of taurine in preventing acetaminophen-induced hepatic injury in the rat. <em>Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol<\/em>. Jun 2001;280(6):G1274-9.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Wu C, Kennedy DO, Yano Y, et al. Thiols and polyamines in the cytoprotective effect of taurine on carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity. <em>J Biochem Mol Toxicol<\/em>. 1999;13(2):71-6.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Yanagita T, Han SY, Hu Y, Nagao K, Kitajima H, Murakami S. Taurine reduces the secretion of apolipoprotein B100 and lipids in HepG2 cells. <em>Lipids Health Dis<\/em>. 2008 Oct 17;7:38.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>W\u00f3jcik OP, Koenig KL, Zeleniuch-Jacquotte A, Costa M, Chen Y. The potential protective effects of taurine on coronary heart disease. <em>Atherosclerosis<\/em>. 2010 Jan;208(1):19-25.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Rana SK and Sanders TA. Taurine concentrations in the diet, plasma, urine and breast milk of vegans compared with omnivores. <em>Br J Nutr<\/em>.1986 Jul;56(1), 17-27.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Laidlaw SA, Grosvenor M, Kopple JD (1990). The taurine content of common foodstuffs. <em>JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr.<\/em> 1990 Mar-Apr;14(2):183-8.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Pierno S, De Luca A, Camerino C, Huxtable RJ, Camerino DC. Chronic administration of taurine to aged rats improves the electrical and contractile properties of skeletal muscle fibers. <em>J Pharmacol Exp Ther<\/em>. 1998 Sep;286(3):1183-90.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Laidlaw SA, Shultz TD, Cecchino JT, Kopple JD. Plasma and urine taurine levels in vegans. <em>Am J Clin Nutr<\/em>. 1988 Apr;47(4):660-3.<\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.frot.co.nz\/design\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/01\/www.frot_.co_.nz_.80x80.black_.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-6523 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.frot.co.nz\/design\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/01\/www.frot_.co_.nz_.80x80.black_.jpg\" alt=\"www.frot_.co_.nz_.80x80.black_\" width=\"80\" height=\"80\" \/><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/article>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/aside>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<article class=\"content\">\n<div id=\"Emag_Header\" class=\"mag-article-top\">\n<div>\n<div>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Taurine Grows New Brain Cells<\/strong><\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"img-responsive\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"\" src=\"http:\/\/www.lifeextension.com\/-\/media\/LEF\/Images\/magazine\/mag2015\/images\/0915_otc_gnbc_hero.ashx?h=400&amp;la=en&amp;w=720&amp;hash=6769A5369D261A98E3AD246355155BB34F485093\" alt=\"\" width=\"781\" height=\"434\" \/><\/strong><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"mag-article\" style=\"text-align: center;\">\n<div id=\"magazine_article\">\n<div class=\"wwwMagCellContent\">\n<p><strong>For years, scientists believed brain shrinkage was inevitable and irreversible.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Cutting-edge research has shown that brain cells can regenerate.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>An amino acid called taurine plays an important role in <em>creating new brain cells<\/em>.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Researchers found that taurine increased the growth of brain cells by activating \u201csleeping\u201d stem cells. Taurine also increased the survival of new neurons, resulting in an increase in adult brain cell creation.<sup>1-3<\/sup><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Recent studies reveal that taurine has unique biochemical properties that <em>promote new brain cell formation<\/em>.<sup>4,5<\/sup> Animal studies show that taurine triggers new brain cells to grow in the<em> hippocampus<\/em>, the area of the brain most concerned with memory.<sup>1,6 <\/sup> This can lead to dramatic improvements in cognition and recall.<sup>7,8<\/sup> Low levels of taurine have been observed in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease.<sup>9,10<\/sup><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>In addition to these impressive brain benefits, taurine also boosts cardiac function and reduces arterial stiffness as well as reducing the negative impacts of metabolic syndrome.<sup>11-16<\/sup> In fact, taurine supplementation added to the drug metformin has been shown to offer tremendous reductions in tissue damage.<sup>17<\/sup><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Taurine levels fall significantly with age, leaving the brain, heart, kidneys, and other tissues deprived of this vital healing compound\u00ad\u2014one capable of rescuing dying cells and restoring cellular communication.<sup>1,6,18<\/sup><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Experts are beginning to recognize that with age, many can experience a <em>taurine deficiency<\/em> that is a real and fundamental threat to health.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>The great news is that taurine is a super low-cost supplement, meaning everyone can benefit from its potential to slow and reverse degenerative processes.<\/strong><\/p>\n<div class=\"wwwMagCellImageContainer\"><strong><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"\" src=\"http:\/\/www.lifeextension.com\/magazine\/mag2015\/images\/0915_otc_gnbc_01.jpg\" alt=\"Taurine Grows New Brain Cells\" width=\"290\" height=\"363\" border=\"0\" \/> \u00a0<\/strong><\/div>\n<p><strong>For years, scientists believed that brain shrinkage (atrophy) was an unstoppable degenerative process. New research reveals this loss of brain matter is partially caused by <em>reversible<\/em> processes.<sup>19,20<\/sup> This knowledge opens the door to a new paradigm\u2014one that aims to restore brain structure and function\u2014as opposed to simply treating the symptoms.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>One of the chief requirements for growing fresh brain cells is a little known amino acid: taurine. Taurine has a surprising number of critical actions concerning how cells protect and renew themselves.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Because taurine levels decline with age, older adults are unable to maintain the level of new brain cell formation required to preserve their youthful responses to toxic and metabolic insults.<sup>1,21<\/sup> This taurine deficiency may lie at the heart of some of our most dreaded brain disorders.<sup>22<\/sup><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Studies now show that restoring taurine content in brain cells can <em>reverse<\/em> these trends, and <em>rejuvenate<\/em> brain structure and function. Animal studies show that taurine triggers new brain cells to grow in the <em>hippocampus<\/em>, a brain region centrally involved in memory.<sup>1,23 <\/sup><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>A study published in the journal <em>Stem Cell Research<\/em> found that taurine supplementation in middle-aged mice increased the growth of new cells in regions of the brain associated with learning and memory. It accomplished this by <em>activating<\/em> \u201chibernating\u201d stem cells that were then capable of maturing into several different kinds of cells.<sup>1<\/sup><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>In fact, one study showed that when human neural precursor cells (the early-stage neurons and supporting cells in the brain), were cultured with taurine, it produced significantly more brain cells, demonstrating how taurine stimulates stem-like cells to differentiate into functioning brain cells.<sup>2<\/sup><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>In animals, taurine <em>deficiency<\/em> impairs brain growth by delaying normal neuronal development.<sup>2<\/sup> Lab studies show that taurine can reverse this problem. When taurine-deficient brain cells are grown in culture and then taurine is added, it results in a sharp increase in the development of new cells. This is attributed to multiple mechanisms of action, including improved mitochondrial function; activation of genes required for normal proliferation, survival, and energy functioning;<sup>2<\/sup> and blocking chemical signals that inhibit neuronal cell regeneration.<sup>3<\/sup><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>In addition to promoting the growth of new brain cells, taurine enhances neurites, which are tiny projections that help brain cells to communicate with each other. Neurites maximize connections between those cells, along which electrical impulses flow to support memory, cognition, feeling, and thinking. Over time, chemical stresses and toxins can damage these neurites, contributing to slower cognition in older people.<sup>24<\/sup> A lab study revealed that taurine restores normal neurite growth in nerves exposed to toxic chemicals, largely through its protective effects against chemical stresses.<sup>25<\/sup><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>The findings that taurine can genuinely rejuvenate damaged brains are truly revolutionary, and are beginning to change the way scientists and neurologists are thinking about age- and trauma-related brain changes.<sup>26,27<\/sup><\/strong><\/p>\n<h2><strong>Taurine\u2019s Benefits For Brain Conditions<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p><strong>Two specific conditions taurine has been shown to help benefit are Parkinson\u2019s disease and depression.<sup>22,28<\/sup><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Human studies show that taurine plasma levels are reduced in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease, suggesting both a potential contribution to the disease\u2014and a possible treatment.<sup>28<\/sup> This problem is compounded by the fact that standard treatment of Parkinson\u2019s symptoms involves the drug levodopa, which may further deplete taurine.<sup>28<\/sup> This makes it particularly important for Parkinson\u2019s patients to supplement with this versatile amino acid.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Supplementing with taurine is also important for those suffering from depression.<sup>22<\/sup> Depression is particularly prevalent in diabetics; indeed, there\u2019s a strong school of thought that chronic blood sugar elevations are involved in depression and neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer\u2019s disease.<sup>29-31 <\/sup>Intriguingly, taurine supplementation in diabetic rats has been shown to improve depressive-like behaviors; in addition, supplementation improved the diabetes-damaged neurotransmitter function, which helped lead to improved short-term memory.<sup>32<\/sup><\/strong><\/p>\n<div class=\"wwwMagTableSideBar\">\n<div>\n<table border=\"0\" width=\"150\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"8\" align=\"right\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"wwwMagCellImageContainer\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2><\/h2>\n<h2><strong>Taurine Promotes Brain Cell Regeneration<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p><strong><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"\" src=\"http:\/\/www.lifeextension.com\/magazine\/mag2015\/images\/0915_otc_gnbc_02.jpg\" alt=\"Taurine Promotes Brain Cell Regeneration\" width=\"265\" height=\"212\" border=\"0\" \/><\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Taurine is a free amino acid that is vital in slowing key age-accelerating processes, particularly in the central nervous and cardiovascular systems.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Laboratory studies show that taurine can achieve what was once thought to be impossible\u2014stimulate new growth and connections of brain cells, which raises the real possibility for restoration of youthful brain function in older adults.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Taurine levels decrease with age and with metabolic and neurological disease.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Supplementation with taurine, in both animal and human studies, demonstrates the age-decelerating effects of this amino acid.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Laboratory studies reveal dramatic improvements in cognition and memory in taurine-supplemented animals, and suggest that human supplementation might slow or reverse changes seen in Parkinson\u2019s disease.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Taurine supplementation boosts cardiac function and reduces arterial stiffness, both contributors to early death from heart disease and stroke.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Those with metabolic syndrome also stand to gain from taurine supplements, which substantially reduce that syndrome\u2019s negative impacts on cardiovascular risk.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2><strong>Solving Your Heart\u2019s Energy Crisis<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p><strong>Heart disease remains the leading cause of death in US adults.<sup>33<\/sup><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>A recent study in mice has, for the first time, suggested that taurine might prolong life span by improving heart muscle function.<sup>34<\/sup> The study used mice genetically engineered to be profoundly taurine deficient, a state that causes premature aging and severe heart problems, eventually resulting in early death.<sup>34<\/sup> Painstaking work in other animal models revealed why taurine deficiency leads to these severe effects. Taurine deficiency disrupts the \u201celectron transport chain,\u201d which reduces the amount of energy-rich adenosine triphosphate (ATP) available for heart cells to support their contractions, leading to decreased pumping ability of the heart.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>That fundamental finding\u2014that low taurine levels contribute to or exacerbate poor heart muscle function\u2014is now being corroborated by lab and animal studies demonstrating improvements in heart or blood vessel performance.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Poor or unregulated control of arterial smooth muscle is a major contributor to high blood pressure and resulting cardiovascular disease.<sup>35<\/sup> Fortunately, taurine is known to have blood pressure-reducing and heart muscle-protecting effects.<sup>11<\/sup> In a lab study, human artery segments were immersed in a chemical bath that induced contractions similar to those that occur during an angina episode or heart attack. The addition of taurine to the bath resulted in relaxation of the artery.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Animal and lab studies also show that taurine supplementation can mitigate ischemia-reperfusion injury,<sup>36,37<\/sup> a major cause of long-term heart failure and further dysfunction. This type of injury occurs when there is a loss of blood flow to the heart muscle (<em>ischemia<\/em>) followed by the restoration of blood flow (<em>reperfusion<\/em>).<sup>38,39<\/sup> Both processes can lead to an energy crisis and high amounts of reactive chemicals.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Ischemia-reperfusion injury is severely exacerbated by high sugar intake and diabetes because of negative effects on nervous system signals.<sup>40,41<\/sup> Taurine supplementation can abolish those aberrant signals and improve arterial blood pressure following such an injury.<sup>42<\/sup><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div class=\"wwwMagTableSideBar\">\n<h2><strong>How Taurine Enhances Brain Function<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p><strong><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"\" src=\"http:\/\/www.lifeextension.com\/magazine\/mag2015\/images\/0915_otc_gnbc_03.jpg\" alt=\"How Taurine Enhances Brain Function\" width=\"294\" height=\"235\" border=\"0\" \/><\/strong><\/p>\n<div>\n<table border=\"0\" width=\"150\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"8\" align=\"right\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"wwwMagCellImageContainer\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Taurine has the unique ability to help promote new brain cell formation\u2014but its benefits don\u2019t end there. Taurine has several other important properties that preserve and enhance brain function:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Taurine restores to aging brain cells the ability to prevent and clean up after chemical stresses from reactive molecules, to fight brain inflammation, and to generate brain cell relaxing and stimulating signals at appropriate times.<sup>1,6,73-76<\/sup><\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Taurine increases the electrical activity (signaling ability) in nerve cells through effects on calcium, a key element required for proper electrical function of neurons.<sup>77<\/sup><\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Taurine can favorably mimic the actions of certain neurotransmitters, the chemical signals that brain cells use to communicate. From a chemical structural standpoint, taurine closely resembles the neurotransmitter gamma-amino-butyric acid (GABA).<sup>78,79<\/sup> GABA is involved in learning, and studies in lower animals demonstrate improvements on simple learning tasks following GABA supplementation.<sup>79<\/sup><\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Taurine supplementation supports learning in higher animals as well. Supplementation in a mouse model of inheritable intellectual disability (fragile X syndrome), which is associated with reduced GABA signaling, stabilized and recovered some cognitive functions to an extent that brought some measures of the animals\u2019 performance close to that of normal mice.<sup>78<\/sup><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2><strong>Human Studies Of Taurine\u2019s Cardiovascular Effects<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p><strong>Human studies are demonstrating the impact of taurine\u2019s cardiovascular effects. Large epidemiological studies show that deficiencies in taurine are associated with an increase in cardiovascular risk factors. For example, when compared to people with the highest taurine levels, those with the lowest levels had a 184% increase in the risk of obesity, a 22% increase in the risk of hypertension, and a 120% increase in the risk of elevated cholesterol.<sup>12<\/sup><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>While the risk of taurine deficiency is great, encouraging studies show that supplementation with taurine can reduce risk factors for heart disease. And in fact, intervention studies are now showing that supplementation can rectify heart muscle energy deficiency to the point of improving clinical outcomes.<sup>43<\/sup><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>One of the best examples of this is a Russian study on patients undergoing heart valve replacement and coronary bypass surgery\u2014both of which are huge thieves of cardiac muscle energy. This study showed that supplementation with taurine resulted in improved heart pumping action, reduced the size of the enlarged pumping chambers, lowered triglyceride levels, and significantly improved quality of life.<sup>44<\/sup> These benefits may help to reduce the rates of sudden death after cardiac surgery, which remain unacceptably high.<sup>45-48<\/sup> As is typical with many mainstream doctors, if something costs virtually nothing, as taurine does, they overlook its critical lifesaving properties.<\/strong><\/p>\n<h2><strong>Congestive Heart Failure<\/strong><\/h2>\n<div class=\"wwwMagCellImageContainer\"><strong><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"\" src=\"http:\/\/www.lifeextension.com\/magazine\/mag2015\/images\/0915_otc_gnbc_04.jpg\" alt=\"Congestive Heart Failure\" width=\"229\" height=\"286\" border=\"0\" \/> \u00a0<\/strong><\/div>\n<p><strong>Taurine has been shown to have protective effects against congestive heart failure, a common, energy-related complication in heart attack survivors, cardiac surgery patients, and people with hypertension or severe lung disease; it results from an inability of the heart to pump sufficient blood to meet the demands of the body.<sup>49<\/sup><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>In a study published in the journal <em>Clinical Cardiology<\/em>, patients with congestive heart failure took either a placebo or 2,000 mg of taurine three times a day.<sup>50<\/sup> Compared to placebo recipients, supplemented patients experienced significant improvements in the severity of their heart failure, and significant increases in measurements of the heart\u2019s ability to pump blood. In addition, none of the taurine-supplemented patients worsened during treatment, while 29% of placebo subjects did.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>In a similarly designed study, heart failure patients who took 500 mg of taurine three times a day experienced increases in exercise time and distance, and increased ability to utilize cardiac energy, compared with placebo. This is a graphic example of how taurine can affect heart muscle energy production, making it more efficient and helping to energize tired heart muscle.<sup>51<\/sup><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Another study of heart failure patients showed that taurine supplementation (3 grams per day for six weeks) resulted in significant changes in echocardiogram results, which showed improvements in the pumping action of the left ventricle, the chamber that pumps blood out to the entire body.<sup>52<\/sup><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Clearly, ample blood taurine levels are required for proper heart functioning and this data was published by <em>Life Extension<sup>\u00ae<\/sup><\/em> decades ago based on what cardiologists in Japan had discovered when treating congestive heart failure patients with 3 grams of taurine per day.<sup>53<\/sup> Let\u2019s now look at some ways that taurine can reduce the risks for developing cardiovascular disease in the first place.<\/strong><\/p>\n<h2><strong>Taurine Reduces Metabolic Syndrome<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p><strong><em>Metabolic syndrome<\/em> is the combination of central obesity, high blood pressure, insulin resistance\/borderline high blood sugar, elevated triglyceride levels, and low HDL cholesterol levels.<sup>54<\/sup> It is strongly associated with short- and long-term risks of cardiovascular and kidney disease, diabetes, cancer, and death.<sup>55-58<\/sup><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Taurine supplements have been found to be extremely effective in reducing harmful effects of metabolic syndrome\u2014while at the same time inducing changes that reduce the syndrome\u2019s long-term impact on cardiovascular risk.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Studies of diabetic and\/or obese mice and rats demonstrate that taurine leads to consistent improvements in multiple components of metabolic syndrome, including insulin secretion and sensitivity and glucose tolerance.<sup>13-15<\/sup><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>One study also showed that taurine-deficient mice develop kidney changes identical to those in human diabetic nephropathy, the leading cause of end-stage kidney disease.<sup>59<\/sup> This suggests that taurine supplementation in metabolic syndrome patients might lower renal disease risk.<sup>16,60<\/sup><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>And, in a remarkable pair of studies, taurine was shown to amplify the beneficial effects of metformin, a naturally derived antidiabetic drug with multiple health-promoting effects in metabolic syndrome. In the first study, when rats were treated with both taurine and metformin, they were better protected against chemical and metabolic stresses than when either was used alone.<sup>61<\/sup> For the second study, the combination of taurine supplementation and metformin was found to provide the same pattern of protection as insulin against diabetes-induced metabolic changes, including preservation of renal function.<sup>17<\/sup><\/strong><\/p>\n<h2><strong>Human Studies Of Taurine And Metabolic Syndrome<\/strong><\/h2>\n<div class=\"wwwMagCellImageContainer\"><strong><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"\" src=\"http:\/\/www.lifeextension.com\/magazine\/mag2015\/images\/0915_otc_gnbc_05.jpg\" alt=\"Human Studies Of Taurine And Metabolic Syndrome\" width=\"227\" height=\"284\" border=\"0\" \/> \u00a0<\/strong><\/div>\n<p><strong>Human studies demonstrated just how important taurine supplementation is for people with metabolic syndrome, which exacerbates the age-related decline in taurine levels. Compared with healthy people, obese people have as much as a 41% reduction in taurine levels compared with healthy controls,<sup>62<\/sup> while diabetics have a 30% reduction in taurine levels.<sup>63<\/sup><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>The good news is that supplementing with taurine significantly reduces many of the risk factors faced by those with metabolic syndrome. For example, at doses of 3 grams per day for eight weeks, a group of obese adults had significant 29% reductions in plasma markers of inflammation (hs-CRP) and 20% reduction in lipid peroxidation (thiobarbituric acid reducing substances.)<sup>62<\/sup><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>And when diabetics supplemented with 1.5 grams per day, not only were their taurine levels restored to normal, but their platelet aggregation was reduced to levels seen in healthy controls.<sup>63<\/sup> (Platelet aggregation is elevated in diabetics,<sup>64 <\/sup>increasing the risk for stroke- or heart attack-inducing blood clots.)<sup>65<\/sup> This study also involved a laboratory test of platelet aggregation, which showed that while taurine reduced aggregation in blood from diabetic patients, it had no effect at all on blood from healthy controls. (This is a safety concern about virtually all prescription antiplatelet drugs).<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>In addition to the heart disease and stroke risk induced by aggressive platelet aggregation, diabetics (and even nondiabetic people with chronically \u201chigh normal\u201d blood sugar levels) are at increased cardiovascular risk from physical stiffening of their arteries.<sup>66-68<\/sup><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Again, taurine supplementation is able to reverse this dangerous state of affairs. In a study published in Diabetes<em> &amp; Vascular Disease Research<\/em>, young adults with type I diabetes and impaired endothelial function supplemented with 500 mg of taurine three times a day. After just two weeks, their abnormal arterial stiffening and reactivity returned to levels found in controls!<sup>69<\/sup><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Since type I diabetes (formerly known as \u201cjuvenile-onset,\u201d or \u201cinsulin-dependent\u201d diabetes) exposes its victims to much greater elevation and fluctuation in glucose levels even than those seen in type II (\u201cadult-onset\u201d) diabetes, seeing this dramatic effect in the more severe form of the disease is especially encouraging for the much larger population of type II diabetics.<sup>49,70,71<\/sup><\/strong><\/p>\n<h2><strong>Summary<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p><strong>Taurine, a little-known amino acid,<sup>72<\/sup> can do the seemingly impossible: stimulate new brain cells to grow in adult brains. This capability creates an entirely new paradigm for the ways we think about age-related cognitive decline, and even major neurodegenerative diseases like Parkinson\u2019s and Alzheimer\u2019s.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Taurine levels fall as we age, leaving our brains relatively unprotected. Taurine levels are low in people with age-related brain disorders. Animal studies reveal that supplementation can not only restore youthful taurine levels, but also improves deficits in memory and cognition.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Taurine also has a fundamental connection with longevity, particularly related to cardiovascular disorders. Animal studies demonstrate protection against heart disease with taurine supplementation, and human studies show that supplementation produces dramatic improvements in heart and blood vessel function.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>People with metabolic syndrome have lower taurine levels than their healthy peers; again, taurine supplementation drives down the detrimental effects of metabolic syndrome while inducing changes that reduce the syndrome\u2019s long-term impact on cardiovascular risk.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>A balanced supplement program should aim at restoring youthful levels of nutrients known to counteract the chemical stresses, inflammatory changes, and toxic exposures we experience through life. The evidence for the amino acid taurine suggests that it be included in such a regimen.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.lifeextension.com\/Magazine\/2015\/9\/Grow-New-Brain-Cells\/Page-01\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>By Forrest Ritiker<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n<h2><strong>References<\/strong><\/h2>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>Gebara E, Udry F, Sultan S, Toni N. Taurine increases hippocampal neurogenesis in aging mice. <em>Stem Cell Res. <\/em>2015 May;14(3):369-79.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Pasantes-Morales H, Ramos-Mandujano G, Hernandez-Benitez R. Taurine enhances proliferation and promotes neuronal specification of murine and human neural stem\/progenitor cells. <em>Adv Exp Med Biol. <\/em>2015;803:457-72.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Liu J, Wang HW, Liu F, Wang XF. Antenatal taurine improves neuronal regeneration in fetal rats with intrauterine growth restriction by inhibiting the Rho-ROCK signal pathway. <em>Metab Brain Dis. <\/em>2015 Feb;30(1):67-73.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Hern\u00e1ndez-Ben\u00edtez R, Vangipuram SD, Ramos-Mandujano G, Lyman WD, Pasantes-Morales H. Taurine enhances the growth of neural precursors derived from fetal human brain and promotes neuronal specification. <em>Dev Neurosci.<\/em> 2013;35(1):40-9.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Gebara E, Udry F, Sultan S, Toni N. Taurine increases hippocampal neurogenesis in aging mice. <em>Stem Cell Res. <\/em>2015 May;14(3):369-79.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Toyoda A, Koike H, Nishihata K, Iio W, Goto T. Effects of chronic taurine administration on gene expression, protein translation and phosphorylation in the rat hippocampus. <em>Adv Exp Med Biol. <\/em>2015;803:473-80.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Kim HY, Kim HV, Yoon JH, et al. Taurine in drinking water recovers learning and memory in the adult APP\/PS1 mouse model of Alzheimer\u2019s disease. <em>Sci Rep. <\/em>2014;4:7467.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Wenting L, Ping L, Haitao J, Meng Q, Xiaofei R. Therapeutic effect of taurine against aluminum-induced impairment on learning, memory and brain neurotransmitters in rats. <em>Neuro Sci. <\/em>2014 Oct;35(10):1579-84.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Zhang L, Yuan Y, Tong Q, et al. Reduced plasma taurine level in Parkinson\u2019s disease: association with motor severity and levodopa treatment. <em>Int J Neurosci. <\/em>2015 May 23:1-24.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Engelborghs S, Marescau B, De Deyn PP. Amino acids and biogenic amines in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease. <em>Neurochem Res. <\/em>Aug 2003;28(8):1145-50.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Karabacak K, Kaya E, Ulusoy KG, et al. Effects of taurine on contractions of human internal mammary artery: a potassium channel opening action. <em>Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. <\/em>2015 Apr;19(8):1498-504.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Sagara M, Murakami S, Mizushima S, et al. Taurine in 24-h urine samples is inversely related to cardiovascular risks of middle aged subjects in 50 populations of the world. <em>Adv Exp Med Biol. <\/em>2015;803:623-36.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Ribeiro RA, Santos-Silva JC, Vettorazzi JF, Cotrim BB, Boschero AC, Carneiro EM. Taurine supplementation enhances insulin secretion without altering islet morphology in non-obese diabetic mice. <em>Adv Exp Med Biol. <\/em>2015;803:353-70.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Santos-Silva JC, Ribeiro RA, Vettorazzi JF, et al. Taurine supplementation ameliorates glucose homeostasis, prevents insulin and glucagon hypersecretion, and controls beta, alpha, and delta-cell masses in genetic obese mice. <em>Amino Acids. <\/em>2015 Aug;47(8):1533-48.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Camargo RL, Branco RC, de Rezende LF, et al. The effect of taurine supplementation on glucose homeostasis: the role of insulin-degrading enzyme. <em>Adv Exp Med Biol. <\/em>2015;803:715-24.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Han X, Ito T, Azuma J, Schaffer SW, Chesney RW. The quest for an animal model of diabetic nephropathy and the role of taurine deficiency. <em>Adv Exp Med Biol. <\/em>2015;803:217-26.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Pandya KG, Budhram R, Clark GJ, Lau-Cam CA. Taurine can enhance the protective actions of metformin against diabetes-induced alterations adversely affecting renal function. <em>Adv Exp Med Biol. <\/em>2015;803:227-50.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Parildar H, Dogru-Abbasoglu S, Mehmetcik G, Ozdemirler G, Kocak-Toker N, Uysal M. Lipid peroxidation potential and antioxidants in the heart tissue of beta-alanine- or taurine-treated old rats. <em>J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). <\/em>2008 Feb;54(1):61-5.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Kim Y, Kim JW. Toxic encephalopathy. <em>Saf Health Work. <\/em>2012 Dec;3(4):243-56.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Pomeroy I, Jordan E, Frank J, Matthews P, Esiri M. Diffuse cortical atrophy in a marmoset model of multiple sclerosis. <em>Neurosci Lett. <\/em>2008 May 30;437(2):121-4.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>El Idrissi A, Boukarrou L, Splavnyk K, Zavyalova E, Meehan EF, L\u2019Amoreaux W. Functional implication of taurine in aging. <em>Adv Exp Med Biol. <\/em> 2009;643:199-206.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Perry TL, Bratty PJ, Hansen S, Kennedy J, Urquhart N, Dolman CL. Hereditary mental depression and Parkinsonism with taurine deficiency. <em>Arch Neurol. <\/em>1975 Feb;32(2):108-13.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Wu G, Matsuwaki T, Tanaka Y, Yamanouchi K, Hu J, Nishihara M. Taurine counteracts the suppressive effect of lipopolysaccharide on neurogenesis in the hippocampus of rats. <em>Adv Exp Med Biol. <\/em>2013;775:111-9.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Ferguson CA, Audesirk G. Effects of DDT and permethrin on neurite growth in cultured neurons of chick embryo brain and Lymnaea stagnalis. <em>Toxicol In Vitro. <\/em>1990;4(1):23-30.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Chou C, Lin H, Hwang P, Wang S, Hsieh C, Hwang D. Taurine resumed neuronal differentiation in arsenite-treated N2a cells through reducing oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction. <em>Amino Acids. <\/em>2015 Apr;47(4):735-44.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Gu Y, Zhao Y, Qian K, Sun M. Taurine attenuates hippocampal and corpus callosum damage, and enhances neurological recovery after closed head injury in rats. <em>Neuroscience. <\/em>2015 Apr 16;291:331-40.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Sun M, Zhao Y, Gu Y, Zhang Y. Protective effects of taurine against closed head injury in rats. <em>J Neurotrauma. <\/em>2015 Jan 1;32(1):66-74.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Zhang L, Yuan Y, Tong Q, et al. Reduced plasma taurine level in Parkinson\u2019s disease: association with motor severity and levodopa treatment. <em>Int J Neurosci. <\/em>2015 May 23:1-24.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Andreoulakis E, Hyphantis T, Kandylis D, Iacovides A. Depression in diabetes mellitus: a comprehensive review. <em>Hippokratia. <\/em>Jul 2012;16(3):205-14.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Huang C, Chung C, Leu H, et al. Diabetes mellitus and the risk of Alzheimer\u2019s disease: a nationwide population-based study. <em>PloS One. <\/em> 2014;9(1):e87095.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Chew BH, Sherina MS, Hassan NH. Association of diabetes-related distress, depression, medication adherence, and health-related quality of life with glycated hemoglobin, blood pressure, and lipids in adult patients with type 2 diabetes: a cross-sectional study. <em>Ther Clin Risk Manag. <\/em> 2015;11:669-81.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Caletti G, Almeida F, Agnes G, Nin M, Barros H, Gomez R. Antidepressant dose of taurine increases mRNA expression of GABAA receptor alpha2 subunit and BDNF in the hippocampus of diabetic rats. <em>Behav Brain Res. <\/em>2015 Apr 15;283:11-5.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Wang G, Pratt M, Macera CA, Zheng Z, Heath G. Physical activity, cardiovascular disease, and medical expenditures in U.S. adults. <em>Ann Behav Med. <\/em> Oct 2004;28(2):88-94.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Schaffer SW, Ramila KC, Jong CJ, et al. Does taurine prolong life span by improving heart function? <em>Adv Exp Med Biol. <\/em>2015;803:555-70.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Packer CS. Changes in arterial smooth muscle contractility, contractile proteins, and arterial wall structure in spontaneous hypertension. <em>Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. <\/em>1994 Nov;207(2):148-74.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Miyamoto T, Ueno T, Iguro Y, et al. Taurine-mediated cardioprotection is greater when administered upon reperfusion than prior to ischemia. <em>Adv Exp Med Biol. <\/em>2009;643:27-36.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Oriyanhan W, Yamazaki K, Miwa S, Takaba K, Ikeda T, Komeda M. Taurine prevents myocardial ischemia\/reperfusion-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in prolonged hypothermic rat heart preservation. <em>Heart Vessels. <\/em>2005 Nov;20(6):278-85.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Dolinsky V, Dyck J. Role of AMP-activated protein kinase in healthy and diseased hearts. <em>Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. <\/em>2006 Dec;291(6):H2557-69.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Suleiman M, Moffatt A, Dihmis W, et al. Effect of ischaemia and reperfusion on the intracellular concentration of taurine and glutamine in the hearts of patients undergoing coronary artery surgery. <em>Biochim Biophys Acta. <\/em>1997 Mar 13;1324(2):223-31.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Lambert J, Nicholson C, Amin H, Amin S, Calvert J. Hydrogen sulfide provides cardioprotection against myocardial\/ischemia reperfusion injury in the diabetic state through the activation of the RISK pathway. <em>Med Gas Res. <\/em>2014;4(1):20.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Povlsen J, Lofgren B, Dalgas C, et al. Protection against myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury at onset of type 2 diabetes in Zucker diabetic fatty rats is associated with altered glucose oxidation. <em>PloS One. <\/em>2013;8(5):e64093.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Kulthinee S, Wyss JM, Roysommuti S. Taurine supplementation prevents the adverse effect of high sugar intake on arterial pressure control after cardiac ischemia\/reperfusion in female rats. <em>Adv Exp Med Biol. <\/em>2015;803:597-611.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Schaffer S, Jong CJ, Ramila K, Azuma J. Physiological roles of taurine in heart and muscle. <em>J Biomed Sci. <\/em>2010;17 Suppl 1:S2.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Averin E. Use of taurine during rehabilitation after cardiac surgery. <em>Adv Exp Med Biol. <\/em>2015;803:637-49.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Foppl M, Hoffmann A, Amann F, et al. Sudden cardiac death after aortic valve surgery: incidence and concomitant factors. <em>Clin Cardiol. <\/em>1989 Apr;12(4):202-7.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Anthi A, Tzelepis G, Alivizatos P, Michalis A, Palatianos G, Geroulanos S. Unexpected cardiac arrest after cardiac surgery: incidence, predisposing causes, and outcome of open chest cardiopulmonary resuscitation. <em>Chest. <\/em>1998 Jan;113(1):15-9.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Marui A, Kimura T, Nishiwaki N, et al. Percutaneous coronary intervention versus coronary artery bypass grafting in patients with end-stage renal disease requiring dialysis (5-year outcomes of the CREDO-Kyoto PCI\/CABG Registry Cohort-2). <em>Am J Cardiol. <\/em>2014 Aug 15;114(4):555-61.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Yeung-Lai-Wah JA, Qi A, McNeill E, et al. New-onset sustained ventricular tachycardia and fibrillation early after cardiac operations. <em>Ann Thorac Surg. <\/em>2004 Jun;77(6):2083-8.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Available at: http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmedhealth\/PMHT0024703\/. Accessed June 29, 2015.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Azuma J, Sawamura A, Awata N, et al. Therapeutic effect of taurine in congestive heart failure: a double-blind crossover trial. <em>Clin Cardiol. <\/em>1985 May;8(5):276-82.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Beyranvand M, Khalafi M, Roshan V, Choobineh S, Parsa S, Piranfar M. Effect of taurine supplementation on exercise capacity of patients with heart failure. <em>J Cardiol. <\/em>2011 May;57(3):333-7.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Azuma J, Sawamura A, Awata N. Usefulness of taurine in chronic congestive heart failure and its prospective application. <em>Jpn Circ J. <\/em>1992 Jan;56(1):95-9.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Azuma J, Sawamura A, Awata N. Usefulness of taurine in chronic congestive heart failure and its prospective application. <em>Jpn Circ J. <\/em>1992 Jan;56(1):95-9.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Kostoglou-Athanassiou I, Athanassiou P. Metabolic syndrome and sleep apnea. <em>Hippokratia. <\/em>2008 Apr;12(2):81-6.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Locatelli F, Pozzoni P, Del Vecchio L. Renal manifestations in the metabolic syndrome. <em>J Am Soc Nephrol. <\/em>2006 Apr;17(4 Suppl 2):S81-5.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Esposito K, Chiodini P, Colao A, Lenzi A, Giugliano D. Metabolic syndrome and risk of cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. <em>Diabetes Care. <\/em>2012 Nov;35(11):2402-11.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Cheng H, Huang J, Chiang C, Yen C, Hung K, Wu K. Metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance as risk factors for development of chronic kidney disease and rapid decline in renal function in elderly. <em>J Clin Endocrinol Metab. <\/em>2012 Apr;97(4):1268-76.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Ohsawa M, Fujioka T, Ogasawara K, et al. High risks of all-cause and cardiovascular deaths in apparently healthy middle-aged people with preserved glomerular filtration rate and albuminuria: A prospective cohort study. <em>Int J Cardiol. <\/em>2013 Dec 10;170(2):167-72.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Steinke J, Mauer M. Lessons learned from studies of the natural history of diabetic nephropathy in young type 1 diabetic patients. <em>Pediatr Endocrinol Rev. <\/em>2008 Aug;5 Suppl 4:958-63.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Chesney RW, Han X, Patters AB. Taurine and the renal system. <em>J Biomed Sci. <\/em>2010;17 Suppl 1:S4.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Budhram R, Pandya K, Lau-Cam C. Evaluation of the actions of metformin and taurine, singly and in combination, on metabolic and oxidative alterations caused by diabetes in rat erythrocytes and plasma. <em>Adv Exp Med Biol. <\/em>2015;803:251-70.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Rosa F, Freitas E, Deminice R, Jordao A, Marchini J. Oxidative stress and inflammation in obesity after taurine supplementation: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. <em>Eur J Nutr. <\/em>2014 Apr;53(3):823-30.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Franconi F, Bennardini F, Mattana A, et al. Plasma and platelet taurine are reduced in subjects with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: effects of taurine supplementation. <em>Am J Clin Nutr. <\/em>1995 May;61(5):1115-9.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Sudic D, Razmara M, Forslund M, Ji Q, Hjemdahl P, Li N. High glucose levels enhance platelet activation: involvement of multiple mechanisms. <em>Br J Jaematol. <\/em>2006 May;133(3):315-22.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Dean WL. Role of platelet plasma membrane Ca-ATPase in health and disease. <em>World J Biol Chem. <\/em>Sep 26 2010;1(9):265-70.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Legedz L, Bricca G, Lantelme P, et al. Insulin resistance and plasma triglyceride level are differently related to cardiac hypertrophy and arterial stiffening in hypertensive subjects. <em>Vasc Health Risk Manag. <\/em>2006;2(4):485-90.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Woodman RJ, Chew GT, Watts GF. Mechanisms, significance and treatment of vascular dysfunction in type 2 diabetes mellitus: focus on lipid-regulating therapy. <em>Drugs. <\/em>2005;65(1):31-74.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Shin J, Lee H, Lee D. Increased arterial stiffness in healthy subjects with high-normal glucose levels and in subjects with pre-diabetes. <em>Cardiovasc Diabetol. <\/em>2011;10:30.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Moloney M, Casey R, O\u2019Donnell D, Fitzgerald P, Thompson C, Bouchier-Hayes D. Two weeks taurine supplementation reverses endothelial dysfunction in young male type 1 diabetics. <em>Diab Vasc Dis Res. <\/em>2010 Oct;7(4):300-10.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Gizzo S, Patrelli TS, Rossanese M, et al. An update on diabetic women obstetrical outcomes linked to preconception and pregnancy glycemic profile: a systematic literature review. <em>ScientificWorldJournal. <\/em>2013;2013:254901.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Heller T, Blum M, Spraul M, Wolf G, Muller UA. Diabetic co-morbidities: prevalences in Germany. <em>Dtsch Med Wochenschr. <\/em>2014 Apr;139(15):786-91.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Schuller-Levis G, Park E. Taurine: new implications for an old amino acid. <em>FEMS Microbiol Lett. <\/em>Sep 26 2003;226(2):195-202.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Qiao M, Liu P, Ren X, Feng T, Zhang Z. Potential protection of taurine on antioxidant system and ATPase in brain and blood of rats exposed to aluminum. <em>Biotechnol Lett. <\/em>2015 May 13.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Wang Q, Huang H, Huang Z. Taurine inhibited the apoptosis of glial cells induced by hypoxia. <em>Wei Sheng Yan Jiu. <\/em>2015 Mar;44(2):284-7.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Ward R, Dexter D, Crichton R. Ageing, neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. <em>Front Biosci (Schol Ed). <\/em>2015;7:189-204.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Xu S, He M, Zhong M, et al. The neuroprotective effects of taurine against nickel by reducing oxidative stress and maintaining mitochondrial function in cortical neurons. <em>Neurosci Lett. <\/em>2015 Mar 17;590:52-7.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Wang Q, Zhu GH, Xie DH, Wu WJ, Hu P. Taurine enhances excitability of mouse cochlear neural stem cells by selectively promoting differentiation of glutamatergic neurons over GABAergic neurons. <em>Neurochem Res. <\/em>2015 May;40(5):924-31.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Neuwirth LS, Volpe NP, Ng S, et al. Taurine recovers mice emotional learning and memory disruptions associated with fragile x syndrome in context fear and auditory cued-conditioning. <em>Adv Exp Med Biol. <\/em>2015;803:425-38.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Chang H, Lee DH. Analysis of Taurine as Modulator of Neurotransmitter in Caenorhabditis elegans. <em>Adv Exp Med Biol. <\/em>2015;803:489-99.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/article>\n<div id=\"disqus_thread\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: center;\"><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: center;\"><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>TAURINE Taurine is a free-form amino acid that participates\u00a0in a variety of metabolic processes. Its also a neurotransmitter, a neuromodulator and is involved in glucose uptake.It&#8217;s a component of bile acids, which are used to help absorb fats and fat-soluble vitamins. Taurine also helps regulate the heart beat, maintain cell membrane stability, and reduce brain [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":29206,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"spay_email":""},"categories":[17,16],"tags":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/www.frot.co.nz\/design\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/2023-09-04_11040.jpg","jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":7177,"url":"https:\/\/www.frot.co.nz\/design\/wordpress\/about-this-frot-blog\/","url_meta":{"origin":6583,"position":0},"title":"ABOUT THIS FROT BLOG","date":"May 14, 2016","format":false,"excerpt":"ABOUT THIS FROT BLOG Blogging has changed greatly from 2006 when I first did it to second time around in 2016. For me it used to be very much a separate thing from having a website, I was posting short random posts on my Blogger blog, and it was generally\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;FROT DESIGN&quot;","img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.frot.co.nz\/sift\/images_windows\/windows.10.fail.jpg?resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]},{"id":11539,"url":"https:\/\/www.frot.co.nz\/design\/wapf\/how-to-clear-toxic-metals-from-the-body\/","url_meta":{"origin":6583,"position":1},"title":"How to Clear Toxic Metals from the Body","date":"September 21, 2017","format":false,"excerpt":"How to Avoid Toxic Metals and Clear Them from the Body What\u2019s wrong when people follow Dr. Weston A. Price\u2019s dietary principles but still suffer from significant health problems? Why do so many people try to eat good fats but find they cannot digest them? What is the reason for\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;HEALTH&quot;","img":{"alt_text":"mad hatter - Alice in Wonderland (2010) Image (10360407 ...","src":"https:\/\/images.duckduckgo.com\/iu\/?u=http%3A%2F%2Fimages2.fanpop.com%2Fimage%2Fphotos%2F10300000%2Fmad-hatter-alice-in-wonderland-2010-10360407-1920-1072.jpg&f=1","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]},{"id":19309,"url":"https:\/\/www.frot.co.nz\/design\/health\/the-deception-of-virology-vaccines-why-coronavirus-is-not-contagious\/","url_meta":{"origin":6583,"position":2},"title":"The Deception of Virology & Vaccines - Why Coronavirus Is Not Contagious","date":"October 11, 2020","format":false,"excerpt":"Virology and vaccination is based on a giant lie \u2013 the entirety of virology and vaccine science is predicated on one thing \u2014 that viruses are infectious agents that cause disease. Without this theory, vaccines would not be \u2018effective\u2019 or \u2018work\u2019 in the minds of the people. Without the virus\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;CONSPIRACIES&quot;","img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/www.frot.co.nz\/design\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/hgjbks2vRxvf3xsYr6qQ7dm31DuBHGui8pKMdEVPxhLfEeEoVMPfUw575NfKyCS2dQFsTwfCEwqy5VwqT122oo7QDc.png?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]},{"id":10199,"url":"https:\/\/www.frot.co.nz\/design\/frot-design\/20-health-benefits-of-gelatin\/","url_meta":{"origin":6583,"position":3},"title":"20 Health Benefits of Gelatin","date":"November 23, 2017","format":false,"excerpt":"20 Health Benefits of Gelatin Skin Health: Gelatin has amazing skin healing properties because it is a rich source of dietary collagen, which is the key protein in the body made up of amino acids. Gelatin makes up 25% to 35% of the total protein content of human body. This\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;FROT DESIGN&quot;","img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i2.wp.com\/www.frot.co.nz\/design\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/01\/product.great_.lakes_.geletin.www_.naturefoods.co_.nz-500x500.jpg?resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]},{"id":16702,"url":"https:\/\/www.frot.co.nz\/design\/conspiracies\/the-great-plandemic-hoax\/","url_meta":{"origin":6583,"position":4},"title":"THE GREAT PLANDEMIC HOAX","date":"April 25, 2022","format":false,"excerpt":"This post was originally uploaded 14 April 2020 - nearly two years ago - but it is even more relevant now than it was back then, so to bring it back up to the top of the feed I've just changed it to todays date. Any edits? - none apart\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;ART BY FROT&quot;","img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i2.wp.com\/www.frot.co.nz\/design\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/GoArt_20200411_095754_138799-03-500x500-1.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]},{"id":25968,"url":"https:\/\/www.frot.co.nz\/design\/wapf\/neutralise-the-spikes\/","url_meta":{"origin":6583,"position":5},"title":"NEUTRALISE THE SPIKES","date":"January 27, 2023","format":false,"excerpt":"For decades I have to some extent gone along with ideas of copyright, accepting that it's not cool to just copy and paste other peoples web pages, but this is 2023 and there are now so many sick jabbed people around, I think it's more important to pass on any\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;CORONAVIRUS&quot;","img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i2.wp.com\/www.frot.co.nz\/design\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/dandelion1000.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.frot.co.nz\/design\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6583"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.frot.co.nz\/design\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.frot.co.nz\/design\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.frot.co.nz\/design\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.frot.co.nz\/design\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=6583"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/www.frot.co.nz\/design\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6583\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":29210,"href":"https:\/\/www.frot.co.nz\/design\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6583\/revisions\/29210"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.frot.co.nz\/design\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/29206"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.frot.co.nz\/design\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6583"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.frot.co.nz\/design\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=6583"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.frot.co.nz\/design\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=6583"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}